Assembled by
Miriam A. Golden
Department of Political Science
golden@ucla.edu
Dastasets assembled under funding from the National Science Foundation
(SES-0074860), as well as the Academic Senate of the
Assistance was provided by Carmelo Barbera, Jorge Bravo, Judit Bartha,
Molly Fox, Seth Hill, Shuhei Kurizaki, Jonathan Slapin, Elizabeth Stein, and
David Yamanishi, as well as by Sabina Neem of the Russell Sage Foundation, New
York, N.Y. The hospitality of the Russell Sage Foundation is also gratefully
acknowledged.
This website contains three separate datasets, as well as a combined dataset in which the component datasets have been merged and additional information incorporated. Except where noted, the datasets are in Stata 8 (*.dta) format and also in comma separated values (.csv) format for opening in Excel. The datasets and their accompanying codebooks are as follows:
1) Dataset on parliamentary malfeasance, containing information on all requests by the Italian judiciary to remove parliamentary immunity (so-called richieste di autorizzazioni a procedure, commonly abbreviated in Italian as RAP) from deputies during the first eleven postwar legislatures (elected in 1948 through 1992), including the nature of the judicial charges, the partisan affiliation of the deputy charged, the deputy's electoral district and legislature, whether immunity was lifted or not, etc. The Italian constitution (Article 68) required that the Ministry of Justice transmit requests to remove immunity to parliament in order to investigate a legislator for suspected criminal wrongdoing or in order to proceed with an arrest warrant. A majority vote by the floor of the relevant chamber was required to lift immunity. Requests were first dealt with in committee (by the Giunta per le autorizzazioni a procedere) before proceeding to the floor. Most requests over the period on which data are available were not granted; many simply lapsed with the end of the legislature, never having been voted. Legislators were investigated and/or charged with crimes ranging from traffic offenses to murder. Our coding distinguishes opinion crimes (such as libel and slander) from other (more serious) types of malfeasance. A constitutional change in November 1993 ended the requirement that the Chamber approve all requests to remove parliamentary immunity before the judiciary could proceed, and the dataset thus ends with the end of the XI Legislature in 1994.
The data are arranged by RAp and deputy within each legislature. There may be multiple records of the same deputy within the same legislature if s/he was named in multiple RAP A single RAP may name multiple deputies.
· Cite as: Miriam A. Golden, "Dataset on
parliamentary malfeasance, Chamber of Deputies,
2) Dataset on preference votes received by Christian Democratic (DC) and Socialist Party (PSI) candidates in the elections for Legislatures I-XI to the Chamber of Deputies (1948 to 1992). During this period, Italy used a relatively pure version of open-list proportional representation. Until the 1992 parliamentary elections, voters could optionally indicate their preference for as many as three (or in districts with 16 or more representatives, four) candidates from the party list they selected. As of 1992, voters could use only a single preference vote. Typically, only about 30 percent of Italian voters used any of their available preference votes. Individual candidates were seated according to the number of preference votes received, while the number of seats won by each party was determined by the number of list votes received by the party. The number of seats (district magnitude) in Italy's 31 electoral districts using proportional representation (a 32nd electoral district, the Valle d'Aosta, was a majoritarian single member district) ranged from 4 to 53, with the average around 20. Parties listed as many candidates as there were seats, and individuals could stand in as many as three districts simultaneously, as well as simultaneously for the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Starting with the elections held in 1994, the electoral system was substantially altered, and a mixed PR/majoritarian system used. It is not possible to match electoral districts before and after 1994. (This description of Italy's electoral system is taken from Douglas Wertman, "The Italian Electoral Process: The Elections of June 1976," in Italy at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1976, ed. Howard R. Penniman (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977).)
The dataset includes the number of individual-level preference votes received by each Chamber candidate for the DC and PSI, the candidate's party affiliation, the candidate's district number, the candidate's legislature number, whether the candidate was elected or not, and whether, having won, s/he choose to be seated in another district or for the upper house instead.
The data are arranged by candidate and district within each legislature. There may be multiple records of the same candidate within the same legislature if s/he ran in multiple districts.
· Cite as: Miriam A. Golden, "Dataset on DC and PSI candidates and preference votes, Chamber of Deputies, Republic of Italy, Legislatures I-XI (1948-94)," http://www.golden.polisci.ucla.edu/italy. Version posted 03/21/2007.
3) Dataset on government portfolios listing all ministers and undersecretaries for Legislatures I-XI, Republic of Italy. Includes information on whether the minister was drawn from the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, or outside the legislature, as well as which government the individual served in. For members of the Chamber of Deputies, also includes the individual's party affiliation, electoral district, party experience, and other demographic characteristics.
The data are arranged by individual and government within each legislature. There may be multiple records of the same minister within the same legislature if the individual was seated in multiple governments within the same legislative period.
· Cite as: Miriam A. Golden, "Dataset on government portfolios, Chamber of Deputies, Republic of Italy, Legislatures I-XI (1948-94)," http://www.golden.polisci.ucla.edu/italy. Version posted 03/21/2007.
4) Combined dataset on malfeasance, preference votes of DC and PSI candidates, government portfolios, and all seated deputies (merges the three datasets above and incorporates full universe of deputies). The combined dataset contains all the information enumerated above, and also includes records for all deputies not otherwise includes, as well as the number of preference votes received by deputies affiliated with parties other than the DC and the PSI.
Note: This combined dataset is complex because the same individual may appear multiple times even within the same legislature, for different reasons. The dataset on malfeasance contains a separate observation for each individual charge of malfeasance, so that deputies who are charged multiple times (either within the same legislative period or in different legislatures) appear as multiple separate observations. In the dataset on preference votes, the same candidate may appear more than once, if s/he stands for election in multiple districts and/or legislatures. The same is true, finally, for the dataset of government portfolios, because multiple governments were seated within a single legislature. Therefore, the same minister may appear more than once within a legislature if s/he held office in multiple governments.
The component datasets were combined under the supervision of the P.I. on the basis of a unique identifier ("tid") assigned to each individual person/deputy/minister. This allows the researcher to track individual deputies over different legislatures, as well as to track whether the same deputy was charged multiple times with malfeasance or served in multiple governments.
· Cite as: Miriam A. Golden, "Dataset on Italian parliamentary malfeasance, preference votes, government portfolios, and members of the Chamber of Deputies, Republic of Italy, Legislatures I-XI (1948-94)," http://www.golden.polisci.ucla.edu/italy. Version posted 03/21/2007.
Some more relevant and useful data:
Some useful links:
Please report any errors, or send questions or comments, to Miriam Golden golden@ucla.edu.
Files and website updated March 21, 2007